[7] The award was for "pioneering development and practical demonstration of protective relaying of electric power systems with real-time digital computer techniques." The first practical commercially available microprocessor based digital/numeric relay was made by Edmund O. Schweitzer, III in the early 1980s. Working Principle of Over Current Relay. These relays provide different types of protection such as restrained phase differential, high set phase differential, restrained ground differential and overcurrent protection. George was chairman of the IEEE Power System Relaying and Control (PSRC) committee (1981-1982) as well as a member of the "Computer Relaying Subcommittee" which was created by the PSRC in 1971 and disbanded in 1978. It consists of a flexible moving mechanical part which can be controlled electronically through an electromagnet, basically, a relay is just like a mechanical switch but you can control it with an electronic signal instead of manually turning it on or off. 1. The tension of the spring and taps on the electromagnetic coils in the relay are the main processes by which a user sets such a relay. In utility and industrial electric power transmission and distribution systems, a numerical relay is a computer-based system with software-based protection algorithms for the detection of electrical faults. The relay is capable of applying advanced logic. Block diagram of numerical relay. List the Advantages of Numerical relays 9. And the same relay can be used for analysing and monitoring multiple faults such as over current, over fluxing, different current and more. Any one numeric relay may implement one or all of these functions. There are two types of phase comparators: Digital / Numerical Relays: Uses programmable solid state devices based on digital signal processing ... less necessary control energy compared to the output power results in higher power gain than with an electromagnetic relay. Numerical relay has two memories, RAM and ROM. The main components of numerical relay are- Each company has its own software that can help us to interact with their relays and to program the algorithm for protection. 2. Power system protection relays can be categorized into different types of relays. Over Current/ Earth Fault:When excessive current flows through a system it will trip the circuit b⦠Application of Relays â Relay Selection Method: Application of various relays used in the power system network depends upon various factors like the amount of fault current, protection methods, etc. The relay may have an extensive collection of settings, beyond what can be entered via front panel knobs and dials, and these settings are transferred to the relay via an interface with a PC (personal computer), and this same PC interface may be used to collect event reports from the relay. A summary of some common device numbers seen in digital relays is: It has been suggested that this article be, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Schweitzer Programmable Automation Controller", "George Dorwart Rockefeller - Engineering and Technology History Wiki", "Fault protection with a digital computer", "IEEE Herman Halperin Electric Transmission and Distribution Award", "Understanding Microprocessor-Based Technology Applied to Relaying" Working Group Report, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bQ6fZrrP0H4, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Numerical_relay&oldid=998116552, Articles needing additional references from September 2014, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, 50 â Instantaneous Overcurrent (N for neutral, G for ground current), 51 â Inverse Time Overcurrent (N for neutral, G from ground current), 64 â Ground Fault (64F = Field Ground, 64G = Generator Ground), 67 â Directional Over Current (typically controls a 50/51 element), 86 â Lockout Relay / Trip Circuit Supervision, 87 â Current Differential (87L=transmission line diff; 87T=transformer diff; 87G=generator diff). Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the brain of the system, which processes all data protection algorithm and digital inputs and their filtering. By contrast, an electromechanical protective relay converts the voltages and currents to magnetic and electric forces and torques that press against spring tensions in the relay. All these products are designed by using only optimum grade components at vendors end. Random Access Memory (RAM) is responsible for retaining the input data to the relay and processing the data during compilation. Communication ports may include RS232/RS485 or Ethernet (copper or fibre-optic). There are two basic types of operating mechanisms: the electromagnetic-attraction relay and electromagnetic-induction relay. In utility and industrial electric power transmission and distribution systems, a numerical relay is a computer-based system with software-based protection algorithms for the detection of electrical faults. 6. 3. A Relay is an electromechanical device that can be used to make or break an electrical connection. This is used to display relay settings and real-time current/voltage values, etc. Latching Relays. Inverse time relays with definite minimum time (IDMT): These Relays are mostly used in transmission lines. ROM is also needed for storing Event and Disturbance data. Numerical Relay Types: 1. The high powered analog signals are stepped down with current transformer and Potential transformer. Protective elements refer to the overall logic surrounding the electrical condition that is being monitored. (1) Electromechanical Relay: History of Relay: This is the first generation oldest relaying system and they have been in use for many years. The numeric relays are mostly used in the generating stations and substations for automated protection. 1. Their architecture can look confusing but we can just simplify whole architecture into these major categories. They use one or more digital signal processors (DSP) optimised for real time signal processing, running the mathematical algorithms for the protection functions. As of in a computer, a relay also has serial and parallel ports for connecting the relay with control and communication systems in the substation. Keep learning and keep on researching to become an expert. The analog values are compared to settings made by the user via potentiometers in the relay, and in some case, taps on transformers. Definite time relay: Activated only if the fault remains until a specific time. are required to construct this protective relay.. More advanced analysis can be used to determine phase angles, power, reactive power, impedance, waveform distortion, and other complex quantities. According to the principle of operation and construction, the relay may be classified such as the electromagnetic attraction type, electromagnetic induction type, electrodynamic type, moving coil type, electro-thermal type, physics electric type, and static relays. In distribution applications, the replacement by the digital relay proceeded a bit more slowly. Then a relatively simple microprocessor does a slow speed A/D conversion of the DC signal, integrates the results to create the time-overcurrent curve response, and trips when the integration rises above a set-point. It is of two types: instantaneous over current (IOC) relay and definite time overcurrent (DTOC) relay. Numeric relays are programmable rel⦠The first protection devices based on microprocessors were employed in 1985. RAM serves for the purpose of retaining the input data to the Relay and processing the data during the compilation of algorithm. [2] George conceived of it in his Master's Thesis in 1967â68 at Newark College of Engineering. In some solid-state relays, a simple microprocessor does some of the relay logic, but the logic is fixed and simple. Numerical protection helps to protect electrical power system, transformer & distribution system from the various types of damages. Under/Over Voltage Relays. θ is the angle by which S 2 lands S 1.If β 1 = β 2 =90 o, the comparator is called cosine comparator and if β 1 =0 and β 2 =180 o, it is a sine comparator. Numerical Relay Types: The following are some of the various types of numerical relays. Voltage restraint over current relay: The relay is activated only if both the under-voltage and overcurrent conditions occur at the same time. In 1971 M. Ramamoorty was the first to describe [8] calculation of impedance for distance protection using discrete Fourier analysis. The term element and function are quite interchangeable in many instances. Video that explains overcurrent protection testing: This page was last edited on 3 January 2021, at 22:16. By contrast, an electromechanical protective relay converts the voltages and currents to magnetic and electric forces and torques that press against spring tensions in the relay. have encouraged the design and development of microprocessor based protective relays are their economy, compactness, reliability, flexibility and improved performance over conventional relays [2]. ALSTOM P14DB (Protocol Available:- Modbus / IEC103 / 61850) P14DB1EA6C0620A Add to cart. They are functional replacements for electro-mechanical protective relays and may include many protection functions in one unit, as well as providing metering, communication, and self-test functions. Over current/Earth fault Relays. Directional Over Current Relays. Define Relay 2. They have earned a well-deserved reputation for accuracy, dependability, and reliability. 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