South America is home to 12 independent nations, 10 of which are Spanish- or Portuguese-speaking. It covers almost half the land mass of South America and is home to the Amazon Rainforest. Ibidem Fausto 1999, Chapter 2, 2.1 to 2.3, Engerman, Stanley L., and Kenneth L. Sokoloff. The attack killed 13 of 35 crewmen. Most people in the region speak Spanish or Portuguese, although French, English, Dutch, and Kreyol are also spoken in parts of the Caribbean, Central America, and … Haitian independence inspired independence movements in Spanish America. American press voices cited in Blassingame (1969), p. 29. In the production of beef, Mexico is one of the 10 largest producers in the world and Colombia is one of the 20 largest producers. Halperin Donghi, Tulio. The ensuing Cuban Missile Crisis—the closest the world has ever come to total annihilation—almost saw a US invasion or bombing of Cuba, but it ended when the two sides agreed on the removal of missiles; the US removed theirs from Italy and Turkey, while the Soviets removed theirs from Cuba. Since Venezuela and Ecuador consume little oil and export most of their production, they are part of OPEC. In terms of gemstones, Brazil is the world's largest producer of amethyst, topaz, agate and one of the main producers of tourmaline, emerald, aquamarine, garnet and opal. The Revolution marked a significant period in Nicaraguan history and revealed the country as one of the major proxy war battlegrounds of the Cold War with the events in the country rising to international attention. [296] Mexico is the only Latin American country to be ranked in the top 10 worldwide in the number of tourist visits. 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Between 1832 and 1852, the country existed as a confederation, without a head of state, although the federalist governor of Buenos Aires province, Juan Manuel de Rosas, was given the powers of debt payment and international relations and exerted a growing hegemony over the country. As of March 2, 2020, population of Latin America and the Caribbean was estimated at more than 652 million,[8] and in 2019, Latin America had a combined nominal GDP of US$5,188,250 million[9] and a GDP PPP of 10,284,588 million USD. The Nicaraguan Revolution (Spanish: Revolución Nicaragüense or Revolución Popular Sandinista) encompassed the rising opposition to the Somoza dictatorship in the 1960s and 1970s, the campaign led by the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) to violently oust the dictatorship in 1978–79, the subsequent efforts of the FSLN to govern Nicaragua from 1979 until 1990 and the Contra War which was waged between the FSLN and the Contras from 1981 to 1990. North America, which is a geographical term, consists of the United States of America, Canada and Mexico. After the dissolution of Gran Colombia, New Grenada continued to have conflicts between conservatives and liberals. [42], On April 7, 1831, worn down by years of administrative turmoil and political dissensions with both liberal and conservative sides of politics, including an attempt of republican secession,[43] as well as unreconciled with the way that absolutists in Portugal had given to the succession of King John VI, Pedro I went to Portugal to reclaim his daughter's crown, abdicating the Brazilian throne in favor of his five-year-old son and heir (who thus became the Empire's second monarch, with the regnal title of Dom Pedro II). [citation needed], After World War II, the United States and Latin America continued to have a close relationship. [279][272][280] In 2019, solar power represented 1.27% of the energy generated in the country. [citation needed] Water and sanitation services are provided by a vast array of mostly local service providers under an often fragmented policy and regulatory framework. During this same time period, anti-abortion activism was also beginning to gain momentum. [175], Among people between the ages of 13 and 17 years, only 80% are full-time students in the education system; among them only 66% advance to secondary school. The bribery ring has become the largest corruption scandal in Latin American history. [116] During the 1980s both the FSLN (a leftist collection of political parties) and the Contras (a rightist collection of counter-revolutionary groups) received large amounts of aid from the Cold War super-powers (respectively, the Soviet Union and the United States). Quantas usinas geradoras de energia temos no Brasil? [9][10], There is no universal agreement on the origin of the term Latin America. Latin America- the parts of North America and South America to the south of the United States where Romance languages are spoken spic, spik- (ethnic slur) offensive term for persons of Latin American descent American- a native or inhabitant of a North American or Central American or … The worst-hit was Venezuela, which is facing severe social and economic upheaval. Along with Guatemala and Honduras, the country belongs to the maligned "Northern Triangle," known for its violence and crime that is in large part a result of the civil wars of the 1980s. In Latin American intellectual history, modernism is a term that can be usefully and accurately applied to at least two distinct intellectual movements: a clearly definable modernist movement in Spanish-speaking Latin America (1880–1920) and another in Brazil (1922–45). [112][113] In 1988, Cuba returned to Angola with a vengeance. oral traditions also prevailed in other major indigenous groups including, but not limited to the Aztecs and other Nahuatl speakers, Quechua and Aymara of the Andean regions, the Quiché of Central America, the Tupi-Guaraní in today's Brazil, the Guaraní in Paraguay and the Mapuche in Chile. [317], The following is a list of the ten countries with the most World Heritage Sites in Latin America. This alliance with Germany became Brazil's second best trade alliance behind the United States. Both Spain and Portugal colonized and settled the Americas, which along with the rest of the uncolonized world, was divided among them by the line of demarcation in 1494. Under this definition a Mexican American or Puerto Rican, for example, is both a Hispanic and a Latino. [277] The nuclear power generation monopoly is owned by Eletronuclear (Eletrobrás Eletronuclear S/A), a wholly owned subsidiary of Eletrobrás. The preceramic Las Vegas culture of coastal Ecuador. mestizos (sic) form the majority of the population in Mexico, Central America, and much of South America. For Latin Americans, see, Slavery and forced labor in colonial Latin America, Conservative–liberal conflicts in the 19th century, British influence in Latin America during the 19th century, French involvement in Latin America during the 19th century, From the "Big Stick" to the "Good Neighbor" policy, Includes the population estimates for South American and Central American countries excluding Belize, Guyana, the United States, and Spanish and French speaking Caribbean countries and territories, as listed under ", Not including Anglophone or Dutch-speaking countries, such as. Latin American film is both rich and diverse. In a more literal definition, which is close to the semantic origin, Brazil is the world's largest producer of, Argentina is one of the 5 largest producers in the world of, Chile is one of the 5 largest world producers of, Colombia is one of the 5 largest producers in the world of. Far from originating solely with intellectuals from metropolitan Western Europe, the term "modernism" first surfaced in print in the writings of a major author from a small "underdeveloped" country in Central America. Since 1917, Puerto Ricans have been granted automatic U.S. citizenship, yet they don't have the right to vote in presidential elections. [77], World War II helped spark an era of rapid industrialization known as the Mexican Miracle. The doctrine warns European nations that the United States will no longer tolerate any new colonization of Latin American countries. [157] More than 1.3 million Cubans live abroad, most of them in the United States. Latin America spans two continents, North America (including Central America and the Caribbean) and South America. Increasing inflation and other factors caused countries to be unwilling to fund social development programs to help the poor. The Venezuelan Armando Reverón, whose work begins to be recognized internationally, is one of the most important artists of the 20th century in South America; he is a precursor of Arte Povera and Happening. [119] Other significant types of social movements include labor struggles and strikes, such as recovered factories in Argentina, as well as gender-based movements such as the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo in Argentina and protests against maquila production, which is largely a women's issue because of how it draws on women for cheap labor. The instability that followed the disintegration of the union led to the independence of the other Central American countries. also stand out, as well as the metallurgical and mechanical industries. From the 60s the kinetic art emerges in Venezuela, its main representatives are Jesús Soto, Carlos Cruz-Diez, Alejandro Otero and Gego. Income from tourism is key to the economy of several Latin American countries. Some historians[citation needed] believe that the term was created by geographers in the 16th century to refer to the parts of the New World colonized by Spain and Portugal, whose Romance languages derive from Latin. In 1806 a small British force surprise attacked the capitol of the viceroyalty in Río de la Plata. For example, USAID created family planning programs in Latin America combining the NGOs already in place, providing the women in largely Catholic areas access to contraception.[73]. Brazil began selling automobiles to other countries, and some Latin American countries set up plants to assemble imported parts, letting other countries take advantage of Latin America's low labor costs. When Walker subsequently returned to Central America in 1860, he was apprehended by the Honduran authorities and executed. Despite being the only North American country that is part of Latin America, Mexico is one of the region's largest and most important nations. The Boom's defining novel was Gabriel García Márquez's Cien años de soledad (1967), which led to the association of Latin American literature with magic realism, though other important writers of the period such as the Peruvian Mario Vargas Llosa and Carlos Fuentes do not fit so easily within this framework. Most people in the region speak Spanish or Portuguese, although French, English, Dutch, and Kreyol are also spoken in parts of the Caribbean, Central America, and South America. [229], The World Bank annually lists the top manufacturing countries by total manufacturing value. Before the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1492, Latin America had been settled for millennia by a wide range of indigenous groups, some of whom (Aztecs, Mayans, Incas) boasted advanced civilizations. centralists) and federalists, which were in some aspects respectively analogous to liberals and conservatives in other countries. Latin America can be subdivided into several subregions based on geography, politics, demographics and culture. Among primary school age children (ages 6 to 12), coverage is almost universal; however there is still a need to incorporate 5 million children in the primary education system. Due to economic, social and security developments that are affecting the region in recent decades, the focus is now the change from net immigration to net emigration. It played a role in his campaign to imply cultural kinship of the region with France, transform France into a cultural and political leader of the area, and install Maximilian of Habsburg as emperor of the Second Mexican Empire. Brazil is by far the largest country in Latin America. The term has become associated with neoliberal policies in general and drawn into the broader debate over the expanding role of the free market, constraints upon the state, and US influence on other countries' national sovereignty. In general, in these countries there are industries that require little capital and simple technology for their installation, such as the food processing and textile industries. In Nicaragua, Spanish is the official language, but on the country's Caribbean coast English and indigenous languages such as Miskito, Sumo, and Rama also hold official status. The earliest known appearance in print worldwide of this term was in 1888 in Darío's essay "La literatura en Centroámerica" (Revista de arte y c… Dictionary entry overview: What does Latin America mean? They were a part of sugar and coffee production, farming (beans, rice, corn, fruit, etc. The British were able to capture large amounts of precious metals, before a French naval force intervened on behalf of the Spanish King and took down the invading force. Mexico, in the middle of the Mexican Revolution, far weaker militarily, economically and politically than the U.S., ignored the proposal; after the U.S. entered the war, it officially rejected it. [100] American officials had long recognized that the Dominican Republic's conduct under Trujillo was "below the level of recognized civilian nations, certainly not much above that of the communists." Ayala Mora, Enrique. The golden age of the Maya began about 250, with the last two great civilizations, the Aztecs and Incas, emerging into prominence later on in the early fourteenth century and mid-fifteenth centuries, respectively. [114] However, both sides quickly pulled back to avoid an escalation of hostilities. Following the conservative idea that the old government was better, urbanites tended to support conservatism because more opportunities were available to them as a result of the Portuguese presence. After the independence of many Latin American countries, there was a conflict between the people and the government, much of which can be reduced to the contrasting ideologies between liberalism and conservatism. [278], As of September 2020,[ref] according to ONS, total installed capacity of photovoltaic solar was 6.9 GW, with average capacity factor of 23%. 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