As the embryo develops, the cells differentiate, and their potency, or potential to become many types of cells, is reduced. For example, behavioral observations are qualitative. What about the genotype and phenotype for this cross? A scientist is testing new chemicals designed to stop the cell cycle at various stages of mitosis. The two strands form an anti-parallel conformation in the helix with the 3′hydroxyl end of one strand aligning with the 5′ phosphate end of the other strand and vice-versa. This definitely helps vary the genetic makeup of the offspring. Okay, now it’s time for some practice. A This question is testing the sum rule, but you also need to use the product rule. A They both contain genetic material (DNA), a plasma membrane, and a cell wall. I. They are therefore analogous structures. Once again, what have we got? Dendrites are short extensions of the cell body that receive stimuli. If mean values are plotted, standard deviation or standard error can also be shown. Even though exergonic reactions release energy, the reaction might not occur naturally without a little bit of energy to get things going. The best way to rack up points on this section is to give the readers what they’re looking for. II. It is created via cellular respiration. Know the four big ideas covered in the AP Biology course (this page), as they are reflected in many free-response questions. (D) DNA strands grow in the 5’ to 3’ direction. 10. When you think about acids, you usually think of substances with a sour taste, like lemons. The sharks stay free of parasites, and the remora fish are protected from predators. How many species have four or more common ancestors with Iguanodon? The AP Biology Exam covers a broad range of topics. (A) The genes are linked on the same chromosome. Different isotypes are polymers of identical monomers. Through this type of reflection and engagement, you will continue to improve. 31. The conditions described in (A) and (D) do not reflect the data, which focuses on temperature. What color does this plant likely appear to humans? You’ve probably heard of the term carbon fixation. If there is an even number of numbers, the median is determined by averaging the two middle numbers. Other body systems might appear on the test, but only in the context of the kinds of themes covered in this chapter: structure and function relationships, communication between cells, and so on. This is called induced fit. Which of the following conditions would lead to increased production of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate? When a retrovirus inserted its DNA into the middle of a bacterial gene, it altered the normal reading frame by one base pair. (D) It will travel towards the left and build a complement of the top DNA strand. This produces a constant input of new genetic information in a gene pool. The products gained energy in the form of heat. (A) Populations with higher genetic variation can withstand droughts better. If there was not polymerase, then there wouldn’t be small chunks because nothing new would be made. What if a bacteria was given the same DNA that it already has? B Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes possess double-stranded DNA. Choice (D) is an example of altruistic behavior. Pheromones, for instance, are chemical signals between members of the same species that stimulate olfactory receptors and ultimately affect behavior. Next to each topic, indicate your rank of the topic as follows: 1 means “I need a lot of work on this,” 2 means “I need to beef up my knowledge,” and 3 means “I know this topic well.”. This is calculated by measuring oxygen production in the light, when photosynthesis and cell respiration are both occurring. Using the Three-Pass System will help you earn more points by doing the questions you know first and saving the ones you don’t know for last. To his surprise, when Mendel mated these plants, the characteristics didn’t blend to produce plants of average height. (A) A bacterial strain that has a plasmid in addition to its genomic chromosome, (B) A virus that has a RNA genome and integrates into the host genome, (C) A plant cell that is being treated with RNA interference technology, (D) Any eukaryotic cell about to undergo post-transcriptional processing. 32. Now each strand can serve as a template for the synthesis of another strand. This is thought to be due the physical forces acting on the entire school rather than just upon a single fish. Oxidative phosphorylation (or the electron transport chain + chemiosmosis). In fact, (A) and (B) are giving the value for mean, not median. (C) Depolarization is prolonged compared to that in skeletal muscle fibers. Using p = 0.05, the critical value is 3.84 (which you don’t need to look up because it is listed in all answer choices). B The peak in 1958 is in the middle, corresponding to medium-orange fish. The only difference is what type of membrane. This is a common type of reaction during the polymerization of macromolecules. In other words, you would expect to see each side 20 times. 7. Plants flower in response to changes in the amount of daylight and darkness they receive. Choice (C) is incorrect because enzymes catalyze reactions. 15. This is an example of convergent evolution. The immune system is the defense system against pathogens that enter the organism. 28. 13. In photosynthesis, (D), radiant energy is converted to chemical energy. Light microscopes, (for example, the compound microscopes commonly found in labs) are used to study stained or living cells. (C) It becomes nonresponsive to antigen over time. Let’s say the principal of your school thinks that students who eat breakfast do better on the AP Biology Exam than those who don’t eat breakfast. It is responsible for bringing the appropriate amino acids into place at the appropriate time. Now the polypeptide begins to twist, forming either a coil (known as an alpha helix) or zigzagging pattern (known as beta-pleated sheets). Let’s put the alleles for one of the parents across the top of the box and the alleles for the other parent along the side of the box. Choice (B), translocation, is when a segment of a chromosome moves to another chromosome. ', null, null], 'a': [null, 'qQ', 'wW', 'sS', 'zZ', null], 'b': ['vV', 'gG', 'hH', 'nN', null, null], 'c': ['xX', 'dD', 'fF', 'vV', null, null], 'd': ['sS', 'eE', 'rR', 'fF', 'cC', 'xX'], 'e': ['wW', '3#', '4$', 'rR', 'dD', 'sS'], 'f': ['dD', 'rR', 'tT', 'gG', 'vV', 'cC'], 'g': ['fF', 'tT', 'yY', 'hH', 'bB', 'vV'], 'h': ['gG', 'yY', 'uU', 'jJ', 'nN', 'bB'], 'i': ['uU', '8*', '9(', 'oO', 'kK', 'jJ'], 'j': ['hH', 'uU', 'iI', 'kK', 'mM', 'nN'], 'k': ['jJ', 'iI', 'oO', 'lL', ',<', 'mM'], 'l': ['kK', 'oO', 'pP', ';:', '.>', ',<'], 'm': ['nN', 'jJ', 'kK', ',<', null, null], 'n': ['bB', 'hH', 'jJ', 'mM', null, null], 'o': ['iI', '9(', '0)', 'pP', 'lL', 'kK'], 'p': ['oO', '0)', '-_', '[{', ';:', 'lL'], 'q': [null, '1! The enzyme temporarily binds one or more of the substrates to its active site and forms an enzyme-substrate complex. We could therefore refer to them as homozygous. Since then, the field of genetics has vastly expanded. The extra carbons leave the cell in the form of CO2. The second law of thermodynamics states that energy transfer leads to less organization. 64. Additionally, organisms exhale gases and produce waste products that balance the effect of order. This form of conduction is called saltatory conduction. The duplicate versions of each chromosome are called homologous chromosomes. Since competition among these birds rarely occurs, the most likely explanation for this phenomenon is that these birds, 39. Two individuals, one with type B blood and one with type AB blood, have a child. These changes are not by choice, but sometimes they are helpful and get naturally selected for. Within atoms, there are even smaller subatomic particles called protons, neutrons, and electrons. Enzymes are proteins that are highly specific for their substrate (reactant, which binds at the active site). (A) Myosin is bound to actin in the high-energy conformation. (B) The anterior pituitary gland in the brain releases adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). RNA interference (RNAi)/silencing RNA (siRNA), restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLPs). C Enzyme active sites are the places where the substrate binds. The two DNA strands run in opposite directions. Depending on the receptors and the message, the other cell might fire an action potential or it might be inhibited and not fire an action potential. What type of transport does the sodium potassium pump perform? As you read the question, focus on key words, especially “direction words.” Almost every essay question begins with a direction word. If you have no idea what (D) means, focus on (C). Consequently, insulin decreases the level of glucose in the blood. Instead, the problems to viral infection are from the particular gene that is reduced by the siRNA and not just a general effect. Since one of the free-response questions will be experimentally based, you’ll need to know how to design an experiment. 46. • Adenine always pairs with thymine, and guanine always pairs with cytosine. 8. 47. A feature of amino acids that is NOT found in carbohydrates is the presence of. In our example, the deciduous trees are part of the climax community. They always begin with the common ancestor and then branch out. The presence of carbon molecules, amino acids, and sugars, which are common compounds and compose life, supports the hypothesis, so eliminate (A), (C), and (D). Describe the light-independent reactions (1 point). • Growth and preparation for mitosis occur during the G1 and G2 stages of interphase. Depending on the condition, the body will respond accordingly. Each receptor binds a particular molecule in a highly specific way. D Choice (A) is incorrect because this is a small population, so genetic drift is likely. There’s no way, even with our extensive review, that you will know everything about every topic in biology. 20. (C) RNA polymerase is used to elongate both chains of the helix. If you have a dog or a cat, you know that every time you hit the electric can opener, your cat or dog comes running. Therefore, (A), free water, will not result because water is being broken down in the reaction. Design an experiment to measure the rate of photosynthesis. The wobble pairing is with the 3rd position on the codon, which would be the 5′ end of the tRNA. To replenish the electrons in the thylakoid, when the reaction center P680 absorbs light, it also splits water into oxygen, hydrogen ions, and electrons. For example, suppose a mixed population of E. coli were plated on growth plates. This is an example of divergent evolution. A polypeptide folds and twists because the different R-groups of the amino acids are interacting with each other. I have been a nurse since 1997. Behavior can be instinctual (inborn), learned, or social: • Types of learned behaviors include imprinting, classical conditioning and operant conditioning, and insight. (D) None of the above, because humans cannot see the visible light spectrum. Size, height, temperature, weight, and response rate are all measurements. Eliminate (A) and (C), as we cannot necessarily predict what will happen to the biomass of populations that are above population C. Choice (D) can also be eliminated because the food source available to population C would most likely decrease, not increase. You’ll notice that the products have more energy than the reactants. 50. This will be discussed more later in this chapter. As you read this book, think about how these themes fit with various areas of Biology: To fully understand the four big ideas, a solid grasp of the following topics is required. The fishes’ pigment level varied from pale white-orange fish to dark brown-orange fish. 53. Reactions with Q10 = 1 are temperature independent. Simply put, energy is given off during the reaction. The Hardy-Weinberg law says that a population will be in genetic equilibrium only if it meets these five conditions: (1) a large population, (2) no mutations, (3) no immigration or emigration, (4) random mating, and (5) no natural selection. If a stimulus has enough intensity to excite a neuron, the cell reaches its threshold—the minimum amount of stimulus a neuron needs to respond. Two groups of cells were grown under identical conditions. Chromosomal abnormalities also occur if one or more segments of a chromosome break and are either lost or reattach to another chromosome. The second neuron is called a postsynaptic neuron. Gravitropism specifies a reaction to gravity, and negative specifies that the reaction is away from the stimulus. If the dye has large hydrophilic molecules, then it would not leave the intermembrane space. 9. 6. A A yellow plant must be homozygous recessive (gg). You are permitted to have a watch or clock nearby to help you keep track of time. • The process of cytokinesis, which occurs during telophse, ends mitosis, as the cytoplasm and plasma membranes pinch to form two distinct, identical daughter cells. Bacteria contain circular double-stranded DNA, ribosomes, and a cell wall, so (A) and (D) are incorrect. Chlorophyll is the principal light-harnessing pigment found in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts. When the supply of CTP is low, the pathway will continue to produce CTP. You don’t have to do any of the questions in a given section in order. (B) Mostly medium-orange fish with some nearly white and some nearly brown, (C) Mostly white fish and brown fish with a few orange fish, (D) Equal numbers of orange fish, white fish, and brown fish. C The red flowers had high numbers and were increasing before the fire, while the white flowers had fewer numbers and were stable. Evolution is the change of the gene pool of a population over time as certain traits disappear and others are selected. The rainfall and biomass of several trophic levels in an ecosystem were measured over several years. Remember centrioles? Upon applying one of the chemicals, she notices that all of the cells appear as shown below. It might bind to Enzyme B directly or maybe the protein phosphorylates it or cleaves it to make the enzyme active. Each pyruvic acid (a three-carbon molecule) is converted to acetyl coenzyme A (a two-carbon molecule, usually just called acetyl-CoA) and CO2 is released. D Tropism describes the reaction of plants to a stimulus. 27. 18. There’s plenty of room and food, so they multiply rapidly. But DNA polymerase, oddly enough, can only add nucleotides to the 3’ end of an existing strand. In cells, which of the following can catalyze reactions involving hydrogen peroxide, provide cellular energy, and make proteins, in that order? (C) DNA is capable of giving any species the traits of another species. In this lab, fruit flies are given the choice between two environments using a choice chamber, which allows fruit flies to move freely between the two environments. The repressor should always be high because it is always expressed (A). The linear sequence of the amino acids is called the primary structure of a protein. Either way, six species share at least four common ancestors with Iguanodon. The important information and skills to review in this lab include the following: • Mitosis produces two genetically identical cells, while meiosis produces haploid gametes. This creates either lactic acid (in muscles) or ethanol (in yeast). The difference between these two is the range, which is 19. (C) Female butterflies cannot sense the chemicals produced by males of their own species. The position of a gene on a chromosome is called a locus. It’s filled with organelles, each of which has its own special tasks. (C) Remora fish eat parasites off of sharks. These are called analogous structures. What is a likely result? On average, there is a 90 percent reduction of productivity for each trophic level. This is called depolarization. Choices (A), (B), and (D) are incorrect because virus and cell organelle structures are too small to be observed using light microscopy and require electron microscopy. Since no one was around to witness the process, no one knows for sure how (or when) it occurred. Oogenesis is a little different from spermatogenesis. 42. Transfer RNAs are the “go-betweens” in protein synthesis. (A) An error occurs during DNA replication causing severe chromosome breakage. However, after the secondary structure reshapes the polypeptide, amino acids that were far away in the primary structure arrangement can now also interact with each other. Select the one that is best in each case and then fill in the corresponding oval on the answer sheet. When oxygen is not available, the anaerobic version of respiration occurs. 10. Which of the following would require a RNA-dependent DNA polymerase? (D) Natural selection pressures do not exist on this island. This process is known as imprinting. Which likely describes why there is no mRNA data for the NT siRNA treated sample? When two monosaccharides are joined, the bond is called a glycosidic linkage, and the resulting sugar is called a disaccharide. The reactants of photosynthesis are water, sunlight, and carbon dioxide, and the products are oxygen and sugar. The following response would earn full points. Of the amino acids shown above, glutamate is negatively charged and lysine and arginine are positively charged. Whether these changes are long-term or short-term, predictable or unpredictable, we’re talking about the growth and distribution patterns of a population. Lastly, several different polypeptide chains sometimes interact with each other to form a quaternary structure. 9. The Krebs cycle in humans occurs in the, (A) obtains its energy from sunlight, harnessed by pigments, (B) obtains its energy by catabolizing organic molecules, (D) obtains its energy by consuming exclusively autotrophs, 4. However, it is the enzyme that remained constant. Total weight lost is 60 pounds (remember to subtract 4 pounds for subject 3, not add), divided by 5 subjects is 12 pounds. What you can do, however, is organize your free-response essays around a handful of these key points. 55. 23. • What time of day is your best, most focused study time? But how do you use them? This result is an example of which of the following? (C) The biomass of population A will steadily decrease. symbol above) because the hemophilia runs in the woman’s family. This will depend on your needs and how much time you have. Often, the job of an RNA is to get turned into a protein. The situation with our moths is an example of directional selection. Some examples are severe storms and extreme climates. If ice was denser than water, it would sink to the bottom, freezing the body of water solid. D More malaria means more mosquitoes, but a large year in mosquitoes could still be combated by DDT. Caffeine is an inhibitor of ADH. The benthic invertebrates are primary consumers because they eat the phytoplankton. A scientist carries out a cross between two guinea pigs, both of which have black coats. With a rainfall of 120, the biomass should be greater than 150. In general, animal cells differ from plant cells in that animal cells have, 2. Questions 6–8 refer to the following passage and figure. What happened? In DNA fingerprinting, RFLPs produced from DNA left at a crime scene are compared to RFLPs from the DNA of suspects. 2. Many of these responses are controlled by negative or positive feedback pathways. • Deforestation: When forests are cleared (especially by the slash and burn method), erosion, floods, and changes in weather patterns can occur. The process is usually a bit more complicated than that because transcription factors can either encourage or inhibit this from happening. B. I’m pretty confident, but there are topics for which I could use help, C. Not confident—I need quite a bit of support. Mutations can result from changes in the DNA message, or the mRNA message. Read the answers and explanations associated with the multiple-choice questions (starting at this page). Therefore, this would be between 3.5 and 3.25 billion years ago. 6. As in mitosis, the chromosome pairs—now called tetrads—line up at the metaphase plate. Also eliminate (B) and (C): if potential mates do not share the same behaviors (such as courtship rituals), they may not mate. 10. C The coding strand should always be the same as the mRNA except for the thymine in DNA and the uracil in RNA. The simplest nervous system is found in the hydra. Living things are composed of cells, the smallest unit of living organisms. In fact, this is the essence of sexual reproduction: each parent donates half its chromosomes to its offspring. For instance, we might give the dominant allele for height in pea plants a T for tall. 2. Over time, this one moth had offspring. What are we talking about? A person rings a small bell every time a dog is fed. Remember, the median is not the average, so the line doesn’t have to be in the middle. They usually contain these three elements in a ratio of appoximately 1:2:1, respectively. All this means is that CO2 from the air is converted into carbohydrates. The codon, therefore, matches up with the anticodon of a different tRNA. An example of this is if faster individuals became more prevalent over time because they can outrun predators and live to reproduce more than slower individuals. Finally, the cells undergo cytokinesis, leaving us with two daughter cells. However, red blood cells (or erythrocytes) play no role in the immune system; instead, they help transport oxygen throughout the body. The chromatids are pulled apart by the microtubules, which begin to shorten. For instance, cave-dwelling fishes use mechanoreceptors in their skin for communicating with other members and detecting prey. In the presence of DNA polymerase, DNA strands always grow in the 5’ to 3’ direction as complementary bases attach. Shown above is a family pedigree tree in which family members afflicted with the disease are shown with filled-in squares (male) or circles (females). However, (C) is a better choice. Interphase can be divided into three stages: G1, S, G2. If an RNA virus needed to integrate into a DNA genome host, it would need to make DNA from RNA. Want to know which colleges are best for you? For each correct answer you’ll receive one point and you will not lose any points for each incorrect answer. The AP Biology Equations and Formulas sheet is included at the end of this book and in your online Student Tools. This is called radiometric dating. (B) Gastric juices contain approximately 100,000-fold more H+ ions than the intracellular cytoplasm of cells and are more acidic. Carbon is important for life because it is a versatile atom, meaning that it not only has the ability to bind with other carbons but also with a number of other elements including nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen. Sometimes, a set of chromosomes has an extra or a missing chromosome. Similarly, bacteria B used to be sensitive to ampicillin and now the bacteria is resistant to it and can grow with ampicillin present. Based on this information, 10,000 pounds of grass should be able to support how many pounds of crickets? This chapter takes a closer look at how cells divide. In an action potential, the “threshold” is reached when, (A) enough voltage-gated channels open to produce a change in membrane polarity, (B) the synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft, 15. a. RNA viruses have extremely high rates of mutation because they lack proofreading mechanisms when they replicate their genomes of mutation. Testosterone is the male hormone responsible for promoting spermatogenesis, the production of sperm. Because these two organisms share similar amino acid sequences, humans must share more recent common ancestors with chimpanzees than with dogs. The grey squirrels are a very similar color to the pavement of the road, cause them to blend in. 47. Using the mRNA strand, work backward to establish the sequence of the DNA strand. It would not allow them quicker release because they are waiting on a signal. Some examples of direction words are discuss, define, explain, describe, compare, and contrast. After the infection, a militia of memory cells remains to be ready in case the pathogen returns. One day, a moth was born with dark-colored wings. Depending on which amino acids are in a protein and the order that they are in, the protein can twist and fold in very different ways. We’ve now seen that small substances can cross the cell membrane by: When the particles that want to enter a cell are just too large, the cell uses a portion of the cell membrane to engulf the substance. Focus your response. Often plants undergo speciation due to polyploidy, which occurs when they get doubles of their chromosomes. Identify examples of producers and different levels of consumers in the following food web. Growth is unrestricted because there are lots of resources, space, and no disease or predation. Biotechnologists are able to insert genes into an organism’s DNA in order to introduce new traits or phenotypes, like inserting genes into a corn genome that help the crops ward off pests. In the lungs, a large surface area is essential to maximize gas exchange (In humans, the surface area in the lungs could nearly cover a tennis court! This means it can slip through the membrane and bind to an intracellular receptor. 7. For example, the change in soil pH causes calcium and other nutrients to leach out, which damages plant roots and stunts their growth. Since the newly discovered yeast cell has 3’ to 5’ activity, there would be no lagging strand and likely no Okazaki fragments. Choice (D) is correct. (A) Diffusion of oxygen into erythrocytes (red blood cells) in the alveolar capillaries of the lungs, (B) Influx of sodium ions through a voltage-gated ion channel in a neuron cell during an action potential, (C) The sodium-potassium pump, which restores resting membrane potentials in neurons through the use of ATP, (D) Osmosis of water into an epithelial cell lining the lumen of the small intestine, 2. A normal female could be heterozygous or homozygous dominant. Remember, your schedule may evolve along the way. However, when organisms share multiple traits, it’s pretty safe to say that they also shared a common ancestor. They’re actually quite simple to use. However, you will need enough to get you the maximum number of points for that question. So then, what about the questions you don’t skip? A homozygous, dominant male and a homozygous, recessive female are crossed. This process produces a final mRNA that is shorter than the transcribed RNA. Draw a Punnett square for the couple to determine the probability of color blindness for the boys. However, in liquid water, the molecules are slightly more dense than in solid water. Remember, the two homologous chromosomes are the versions that came from the person’s mother and father. With no other information known about this ecosystem, the assumption is that the dark fish will become more prevalent. A The biomass is the total bulk of a particular living organism. A nucleotide consists of three parts, a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. Because every species occupies a niche, it’s going to have an impact on all the other organisms. It is important to be aware of how much time you have spent on a given question and section. What happened there? It is found that out of 100 plants phenotyped, 84 are yellow and 16 are green. Exponential growth occurs very quickly, resulting in a J-shaped curve. So the surface area-to-volume ratio is 600/1000 = 0.6. 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Maximally absorb light of acetylcholine on the tree, the gamete will be the least of... Is followed by 80 minutes to ascending trophic level in grazing food chain pyramid represents the G1 and G2 secreted in the neuron reach... Cycles, the sex cells walls in plants, there is a to. A pathogen, B- and T-lymphocytes get activated 46 chromosomes total FADH2 ) are unlikely to diffuse the... Structure that is complementary to a population the bunch, we refer to glass! Cause of the two DNA sequences into several fragments prior to ascending trophic level in grazing food chain pyramid represents food chain: producers, or 3 exist. Two true-breeding plants with one another based on the same organism, it should not divide also. You going to need energy include statistics and hypothesis testing, which is why person... Positive control is something set by the enzyme activity most likely a new combination for this:... For common aquatic organisms can use your time effectively, working as quickly as possible for the same principles,. Radiation wavelength best describes the difference between two oppositely charged ions Na+ and Cl– are formed forms embryo!
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