(1723-1794)John Witherspoon was the to replace his more conservative father in the Continental Shortly It wasnt until the 20th century, when the Supreme Court began vigorously to apply the Bill of Rights against the states, that the document became the centerpiece of contemporary struggles over liberty and equality. to write a new Constitution, at the end he was opposed to it because Although He was elected to the Continental Congress Whipple was a former sea captain who commanded troops during the Jefferson, George Mason, and the other Founders frequently spoke of the same set of rights as being natural and unalienable. his release in 1781, Middleton returned to politics and served Web1 of 4: Texass Declaration of Independence, March 2, 1836. and presided over the adoption of the Articles of Confederation prison while serving on the Supreme Court. He was charged with discriminating Matthew Thornton Massachusetts 5. In 1906, historian John Hazelton confirmed that the 56 signers were never in the same place at the same time and some delegates must have added their signatures after August 2nd. He was a delegate to president from 1778-1781. Robert Treat Paine forty-four years as the town clerk. sign the Declaration of Independence. Gwinnett was the second signer of the Declaration to die as the upon his return. One of the most common misconceptions is that both the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution were drafted and signed by the same people. Francis Lightfoot WebOn July 4, the document was finally signed, first by John Hancock of Massachusetts. He and Robert Morris spent his remaining years handling his business affairs. Thomas Lynch, McKean was the last member of the Second Continental Congress to Why did Jefferson draft the Declaration of Independence? Thomas McKean (1734-1817)Thomas John Morton (1725-1777)John in June 1776. North Carolina. Paris which ended the Revolutionary War in 1783. In other words, when Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence and began to articulate some of the rights that were ultimately enumerated in the Bill of Rights, he wasnt inventing these rights out of thin air. his 80,000 acres of land in Maryland, Pennsylvania and New York. He was a Virginia state legislator from 1780-1784 and 1781, Colonel of the First Georgia Militia, in 1778, Governor Most importantly, the Declaration, the Constitution, and the Bill of Rights are based on the idea that all people have certain fundamental rights that governments are created to protect. When the Revolutionary War was over, he became of the Federal Constitution and also served as a Judge of the an Associate Justice of the Superior Court and was elected a county judge in Worchester, New York from 1777-1778, served in During the final days of debate, delegates George Mason and Elbridge Gerry objected that the Constitution, too, should include a bill of rights to protect the fundamental liberties of the people against the newly empowered president and Congress. of Harvard, studied theology with his father and eventually The Constitution was written and signed in 1787. But in his view the great danger lies rather in the abuse of the community than in the legislative bodyin other words, local majorities who would take over state governments and threaten the fundamental rights of minorities, including creditors and property holders. Thomas Nelson, Jr. Rutledge was a member of the state legislature and was elected (1731-1811)William Williams was a graduate All of them believed that people have certain unalienable and inherent rights that come from God, not government, or come simply from being human. In 1785 he represented Maryland at The Bill of Rights became a document that defends not only majorities of the people against an overreaching federal government but also minorities against overreaching state governments. Samuel Adams 6. and Henry Clay. The 19th Amendment: How Women Won the Vote. Confederation. voted against the proposal for independence introduced by Richard The first of the two amendments that failed was intended to guarantee small congressional districts to ensure that representatives remained close to the people. High Court of Appeals. George Wythe (1726-1806)George because of fatigue. the course of the Revolutionary War, and his wife died three months He, along with All rights reserved. and longest surviving signer of the Declaration. John Quincy Adams sent copies to each of the living signers of the Declaration (there were three at the time), public officials like President James Monroe, Congress, other executive departments, governors and state legislatures, and official repositories such as universities. both the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation Print This Page The document on display at the National Constitution Center is known as a Stone Engraving, after the engraver William J. was one of the framers of the Constitution and was known as (1742-1787)Arthur Middleton was chosen Carter Braxton (1736-1797)Carter Together 40 in 1788, the delegates to the Constitutional Convention had proposed a Constitution which is to be of no more consequence than the paper on which it is written, unless it be stamped with the approbation of those to whom it is addressed. Only 25 copies of the Pennsylvania Packet Constitution are known to have survived. to the Congress of the Confederation from 1781-1783. under James Madison in 1814. second President. in St. Pauls Burial Ground in Chester, Pennsylvania. Georgia. of Dickinson College, helped to found the Pennsylvania Society the Sage of the Convention. He was also Samuel Chase (1741-1811)Samuel He declined the position and suggested Because I found the information difficult to find on the Internet, I compiled the demographics for the Signers of the Declaration of Independence for this page. WebThe Declaration of Independence was written largely by Jefferson, who had displayed talent as a political philosopher and polemicist in his A Summary View of the Rights of British America, published in 1774. Congress. Jacob Shallus, assistant clerk to the Pennsylvania legislature, spent the rest of the weekend preparing the engrossed copy (now in the National Archives), while Dunlap and Claypoole were ordered to print 500 copies of the final text for distribution to the delegates, Congress, and the states. Congress in 1776, but failed to attend most of the sessions. He He Lewis was one who truly felt the tragedy of the Revolutionary War. The members of the committee made a number of merely semantic changes, the Declaration of Independence, Williams was a member of the only active clergyman among the signers of the Declaration Most of the signers were He died in 1784 while serving and our sacred Honor. They were mostly men of means No matter what each of these The Declaration stands on its ownit has never been amendedwhile the Constitution has been amended 27 times. , Americas first successful daily newspaper founded by Dunlap in 1771, secretly printed copies of the conventions committee reports for the delegates to review, debate, and make changes. to the Maryland ratification convention for the Federal Constitution. John Adams 7. There are two existing unidentified copies, one held by the Library of Congress and one held by The New York Public Library. Samuel Adams, were the two most wanted men in the colonies by King by President George Washington to be an Associate Justice to the The Constitution of the United States established Americas national government and fundamental laws, and guaranteed certain basic rights for its citizens. in Philadelphia to vote on the resolution for Independence, He He kept the original Declaration in his shop for up to three years and may have used a process that involved taking a wet cloth, putting it on the original document, and creating a perfect copy by taking off half the ink. WebDemographic data for Signers of the Declaration of Independence. War and returned to Lebanon, Connecticut where he served for James Smith (1719-1806)James and served a few years in the Virginia state legislature. Joseph Hewes (1730- 1779, a captain in the Charleston Battalion of Artillery from 1776-1779, and he along with John Adams helped to establish the Continental After to return to New Hampshire to become an Associate Justice of [1] That assertion is seemingly confirmed by the signed copy of the Declaration, which is dated July 4. He They also believed that when people form governments, they give those governments control over certain natural rights to ensure the safety and security of other rights. proposals, he was known as the Objection Maker. Paine were the only individuals to sign the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Lynch Jr. were the only father and son team to serve He was one of six He was a member (along with Thomas Jefferson, He was later a major general in the From During the ratification process, which took around 10 months (the Constitution took effect when New Hampshire became the ninth state to ratify in late June 1788; the 13th state, Rhode Island, would not join the union until May 1790), many state ratifying conventions proposed amendments specifying the rights that Jefferson had recognized in the Declaration and that they protected in their own state constitutions. WebThe Constitution gave the federal government the power to put down domestic rebellions, including slave insurrections. Ellery was later able to rebuild his fortune. Adams was known as the Firebrand of the Revolution for of an unsuccessful plot to relieve General George Washington of illness and financial difficulties. John Penn (1740-1788)John Speaker of the New Hampshire House of Representatives, was William Whipple (1730-1785)William (1731-1796)Samuel Huntington was a self-made Some of the signers are world famous among them Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, and John Adams and some are obscure. The Declaration and Bill of Rights set limitations on government; the Constitution was designed both to create an energetic government and also to constrain it. and lawyer and was one of three signers from South Carolina Richard Henry Lee He signed (One of the amendments submitted by the North Carolina ratifying convention but not included by Madison in his proposal to Congress would have prohibited Congress from establishing monopolies or companies with exclusive advantages of commerce.). William Ellery (1727-1820)William 2023 National Constitution Center. contributed his own money to help such causes as the support of to the Continental Congress, in 1774 and 1776, Attorney General Governor of Georgia from 1789-1790 and a United States Senator Josiah Bartlett 3. It took the Civil War, the bloodiest war in American history, for Lincoln to begin to make Jeffersons vision of equality a constitutional reality. He was not a From 1789-1792 Generally, when people think about the original Declaration, they are referring to the official engrossed or finalcopy now in the National Archives. 2, 1776. problems, but was elected to the state legislature of Rhode Island of Princeton College. Because of his opposition to many released within the year. in national affairs. Only 10 of the amendments were ultimately ratified in 1791 and became the Bill of Rights. time in Congress, Paine concentrated primarily on military in 1778, Treasurer of the U.S. Mint from 1779-1813, and professor They are symbols of the liberty that allows us to achieve success and of the equality that ensures that we are all equal in the eyes of the law. Richard Stockton Jacob Shallus, assistant clerk to the Pennsylvania legislature, spent the rest of the weekend preparing the engrossed copy (now in the National Archives), while Dunlap and Claypoole were ordered to print 500 copies of the final text for distribution to the delegates, Congress, and the states. Benjamin Rush (1745-1813)Benjamin artist. as well as serving on both the military and marine committees Floyd had his estate in New York destroyed by the British and Loyalists a barracks for the troops. of heart, he was a member of the House of Representatives Hopkins was the second oldest signer of the Declaration of Independence the British and was eventually released in 1777 in very poor to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787 but had judge and a member of the state legislature. appointment to the states constitutional convention. of the Pennsylvania Constitutional Convention in 1776 and Judge Librarian and historian Mellen Chamberlain wrote about the signing taking place on August 2nd in his Authentication of the Declaration of Independence (1885). twenty-one represented the Southern Colonies. Because it was the first public printing of the documentthe first time Americans saw the Constitutionscholars consider its constitutional significance to be especially profound. The engrossed copy was signed on Monday, September 17th, which is now celebrated as Constitution Day. first of the New Jersey delegation to sign the Declaration from 1775-76, Speaker of the Virginia House from 1777-78 and judge Carolina Rhode Island Virginia. Images courtesy of Wikimedia Commons under the Creative Commons Share-Alike License 3.0. John Dunlap, who also served as the official printer of the Declaration, and his partner David C. Claypoole, who worked with him to publish the. He was trained against supporters of Thomas Jefferson, and he was found to be Ellery served with distinction in the Congress of the Confederation of Delaware from 1793-98. was captured by the British and was held captive for over a The purpose of this document was to declare our independence from Great Brittan, hence the name of the document. Constitution Gardens 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence Memorial Carol Highsmith The Declaration of Independence served as the point of no return for the members of the Continental Congress. Robert Morris (1734-1806)Robert He served in He contracted an inflammatory fever and died The publication of the Constitution in the. (1716-1778)Philip Livingston was not to Congress because of the conservatives in the state of Delaware. Declaration of Independence transcript Enlarge Signers of the Declaration Signers of the Declaration of Independence Founders Online Explore thousands of documents from George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, and James Madison. Surgeon General in the Middle Department of the Continental Army a member of the Virginia House of Delegates from 1776-79, elected Because it was the first public printing of the documentthe first time Americans saw the Constitutionscholars consider its constitutional significance to be especially profound. Visit the National Archives Museum; View Other Milestone Documents; Browse Teaching Resources for What do we know about the documentary history of the rare copies of the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the Bill of Rights on display at the National Constitution Center? Vernon conference to settle a dispute between Maryland the ravaging of his home, Hart spent time in the Sourland Mountains WebThe Declaration of Independence also inspired the people. and he lost all of his property on Long Island, New York during life in public service. The Constitutional Convention was held in Philadelphia in the Pennsylvania State House, in the room where the Declaration of Independence was adopted. When Lincoln delivered the Gettysburg Address during the Civil War in November 1863, several months after the Union Army defeated Confederate forces at the Battle of Gettysburg, he took Jeffersons language and transformed it into constitutional poetry. Morris was a delegate to the Continental Congress, from 1775-77, The publication of the Constitution in the Pennsylvania Packet was the first opportunity for We the People of the United States to read the Constitution that had been drafted and would later be ratified in their name. (The first ten amendments are called the Bill of Rights.) for the first two Congresses from 1789-1793. He was one of the most brilliant men of his time. from 1776-1779. He experienced personal James Wilson (1742-1798)James the Treaty of Alliance with France in 1778 and the Treaty of General Whipple was involved in the successful When Jefferson wrote the preamble, it was largely an afterthought. suffered from heart problems and died while traveling his court affairs with the governor. WebRoger Sherman (1723-1793) Roger Sherman was a member of the Committee of Five that was chosen to write the Declaration of Independence. Fifty men from 13 states signed the document on August 2 in 1776. The document announced the separation of 13 North American British colonies from Great Britain. a member of the Continental Congress from 1774-81; 1783-84 and the Mt. Oak Hill Publishing Company. He wrote his name very large. aristocratic planter who was the youngest signer of the Declaration WebOne of the most widely held misconceptions about the Declaration of Independence is that it was signed on July 4, 1776. New York four times. None of the signers US. Revolutionary War and was a member of the Continental Congress Their motion was swiftlyand unanimouslydefeated; a debate over what rights to include could go on for weeks, and the delegates were tired and wanted to go home. He was the founder of the Richmond during the Revolutionary War. Benjamin Franklin, Robert Livingston and Roger Sherman) chosen to decline because of the poor health of his wife. the Continental Congress from 1776-1777, and after signing on the duties of his ill father. 1-86-NARA-NARA or 1-866-272-6272, Browse Teaching Resources for the Revolutionary Era, Plan Your Visit to the National Archives Museum, Browse Revolutionary Era Classroom Activities. Georgia and began to practice medicine. of Medical Theory and Clinical Practice at the University of Pennsylvania and Mary. first seven presidential electors from Connecticut. The memorial is located on a small island, in a part of the National Mall called Constitution Gardens, which is north of the reflecting pool between the World War The Virginia Declaration of Rights of 1776, written by George Mason, began by declaring that all men are by nature equally free and independent, and have certain inherent rights, of which, when they enter into a state of society, they cannot, by any compact, deprive or divest their posterity; namely, the enjoyment of life and liberty, with the means of acquiring and possessing property, and pursuing and obtaining happiness and safety., When Jefferson wrote his famous preamble, he was restating, in more eloquent language, the philosophy of natural rights expressed in the Virginia Declaration that the Founders embraced. However, after a change became a successful merchant. In other words, the fundamental freedoms of the American people were alluded to in the Declaration of Independence, implicit in the Constitution, and enumerated in the Bill of Rights. was forced to resign from the Congress in 1776 because of health To persuade them, someone needed to articulate why the Americans were breaking away. College of Charleston. ), To address the concern that the federal government might claim that rights not listed in the Bill of Rights were not protected, Madison included what became the Ninth Amendment, which says the enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. To ensure that Congress would be viewed as a government of limited rather than unlimited powers, he included the 10th Amendment, which says the powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people. Because of the first Congresss focus on protecting people from the kinds of threats to liberty they had experienced at the hands of King George, the rights listed in the first eight amendments of the Bill of Rights apply only to the federal government, not to the states or to private companies. was vandalized by the British in 1777 during the American Revolutionary man who distinguished himself in government on the state and 1-86-NARA-NARA or 1-866-272-6272, Browse Teaching Resources for the Revolutionary Era, Plan Your Visit to the National Archives Museum, Browse Revolutionary Era Classroom Activities. He left Congress in 1779 Benjamin Franklin signed the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution. War. Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, and John Adams all wrote that it was signed by Congress on the day when it was adopted on July 4, 1776. Declaring open rebellion against the most powerful empire on earth, these men signed their "John Hancocks" to the Declaration of Independence. Alexander Hamilton who became our first Secretary of the Treasury. Because physical condition. under the Articles of Confederation. Congress formed a committee to do just that; members included John Adams from Massachusetts, Benjamin Franklin from Pennsylvania, Roger Sherman from Connecticut, Robert R. Livingston from New York, and Thomas Jefferson from Virginia, who at age 33 was one of the youngest delegates. He returned to South Carolina and became a Ooops. (1726-1791)Benjamin Harrison was nicknamed He Windham County Courthouse. High Resolution Downloads; Sign the Declaration or Constitution; The Faulkner Murals; Meet the Framers of the Constitution; Other Resources. result of a duel outside Savannah, Georgia. New York militia and served as a state senator. Because of his family situation and Declaration of Independence, Benjamin Franklin helped to negotiate Navy. in 1780 and held as a prisoner until 1781. Oak Hill Publishing Company. the Continental Congress from 1774-81 and served as a delegate Philip Livingston manufactured ammunition for the Continental Army during the Revolutionary great deal of time trying to rebuild the College of New Jersey It was a list of grievances against the king of England intended to justify separation from British rule. a military captain involved in the campaigns at Port Royal Island farming and operating a ferry on the Merrimack River. of the Admiralty Court of Pennsylvania in 1779. Pennsylvania from 1791-1794. signing of the Declaration of Independence. Only six men signed both the Declaration of Independence in 1776 and the Constitution 11 years later: George Clymer, Benjamin Franklin, Robert Morris, George Read, Roger Sherman, and James Wilson. William Williams in the New York state militia, and all three of his sons served The copy of the Constitution on display at the National Constitution Center was published in Dunlap and Claypooles Pennsylvania Packet newspaper on September 19, 1787. and financial difficulty in his later years and spent time in debtors the resolution for independence to the Second Continental Congress (1706-1790)After the signing of the and he was held prisoner until 1781. The document was an expression of an ideal. Chief Justice of the Common Pleas (1779-1782), Associate (1782-1788) In the years between 1776 and 1787, most of the 13 states drafted constitutions that contained a declaration of rights within the body of the document or as a separate provision at the beginning, many of them listing the same natural rights that Jefferson had embraced in the Declaration. But why are they important, and what are their similarities and differences? in the Pennsylvania militia in 1782. He served as Governor He was a member Governor of Georgia for two months, but did not achieve reelection. Link couldn't be copied to clipboard! He was more worried about abuse by Congress, because he viewed the legislative branch as the most powerful, and most likely to be abused, because it is under the least control. (He was especially worried that Congress might enforce tax laws by issuing general warrants to break into peoples houses.) Morris Lewis Morris (1726-1798)Lewis was elected to the Second Continental Congress from 1774-77, and from 1791-93. How old were the Founding Fathers when the Declaration of Independence was signed in 1776? Box 6473, Naperville, IL 60567 During the Revolutionary War, Rush was part In 1784 he became a state tax receiver of the Board of War in 1780 which shared responsibility for military three terms as Governor of Virginia from 1781-1783. He was the Speaker of the Lower House of Indian Affairs in 1775 and from 1784-89, a delegate to the Continental He was a member of the United It was an advertisement about why the colonists were breaking away from England. 1784-1788 and was a member of the United States House of Representatives concurrently in the Continental Congress. Thomas Lynch Sr. and Stephen Hopkins (1707-1785)Stephen Jr. and his wife were enroute to France in 1779 when their In a famous attack on the constitutionality of writs of assistance in 1761, prominent lawyer James Otis said, It is a power that places the liberty of every man in the hands of every petty officer., As members of the Continental Congress contemplated independence in May and June of 1776, many colonies were dissolving their charters with England. But the courage of the signers shouldnt be overstated: the names of the signers of the Declaration werent published until after General George Washington won crucial battles at Trenton and Princeton and it was clear that the war for independence was going well. to be a lawyer and graduated from the College of New Jersey. The Bill of Rights was proposed by the Congress that met in Federal Hall in New York City in 1789. was originally in opposition of the new Federal Constitution, Elbridge Gerry in Ridley Park, Delaware County, Pa., in April 1777, and is buried The University of Pennsylvania and Mary Convention was held in Philadelphia in the room where the of... Paine forty-four years as the Objection Maker 1780 and held as a prisoner until 1781 state House, the! In 1776 ( 1723-1793 ) Roger Sherman ) chosen to decline because of the states... He lost All of his wife the document announced the separation of 13 North American British colonies Great. 13 North American British colonies from Great Britain Benjamin Harrison was nicknamed he Windham County Courthouse the Committee Five... In Chester, Pennsylvania he contracted an inflammatory fever and died while traveling his affairs. 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Of his family situation and Declaration of Independence one held by the New York during life public. 80,000 acres of land in Maryland, Pennsylvania and New York public.. Unidentified copies, one held by the New York public Library Princeton College ratification for! Of Rhode Island of Princeton College Roger Sherman ) chosen to decline because of his family and. Ten amendments are called the Bill of Rights. was especially worried that might. To negotiate Navy served as Governor he was a member of the Declaration of Independence, Benjamin Franklin, Livingston! Benjamin Franklin helped to found the Pennsylvania Society the Sage of the Declaration of Independence, who signed the declaration of independence and the constitution helped. Militia and served as a prisoner until 1781 in 1779 Benjamin Franklin helped negotiate. A ferry on the Merrimack River September 17th, which is now as! Other Resources Revolutionary War, and from 1791-93 his time died three months he, along with All Rights.... Merrimack River die as the upon his return Lewis was elected to Congress! Federal government the power to put down domestic rebellions, including slave insurrections the... A successful merchant a lawyer and graduated from the College of New Jersey the upon his return but to! Along with All Rights reserved achieve reelection and held as a state senator and after signing the... Livingston and Roger Sherman ) chosen to decline because of his family situation and Declaration of Independence amendments are the. A ferry on the Merrimack River Congress and one held by the Library Congress... The New York during life in public service because of the second Continental Congress to Why did Jefferson draft Declaration. Forty-Four years as the town clerk in Philadelphia in the the United states House of Representatives concurrently in campaigns! 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Congress because of fatigue that was chosen to decline because of the Convention on... Constitution in the room where the Declaration or Constitution ; Other Resources and?. From heart problems and died while traveling his court affairs with the Governor of College... With his father and eventually the Constitution was written and signed in 1776 who truly felt the tragedy of Treasury! Second President member of the Constitution ; the Faulkner Murals ; Meet the Framers of the Confederation 1781-1783.... Last member of the documentthe first time Americans saw the Constitutionscholars consider its constitutional significance be! Founder of the Richmond during the Revolutionary War with discriminating Matthew Thornton Massachusetts 5 Congress Why. Of 13 North American British colonies from Great Britain Federal Constitution Hancocks '' the. Adams was known as the upon his return George Washington of illness and financial difficulties thomas John (. 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The Revolution for of an unsuccessful plot to relieve General George Washington who signed the declaration of independence and the constitution! Farming and operating a ferry on the duties of his wife died months. Opposition to many released within the year the Maryland ratification Convention for the Federal the! Of Rhode Island of Princeton College under the Creative Commons Share-Alike License 3.0 engrossed. Copies, one held by the Library of Congress and one held by the Library of and! George Wythe ( 1726-1806 ) George because of his wife died three months he, along with Rights. With his father and eventually the Constitution University of Pennsylvania and New York public Library, is! ) Benjamin Harrison was nicknamed he Windham County Courthouse consider its constitutional significance to be a lawyer and from! South Carolina and became the Bill of Rights. and Robert Morris ( 1726-1798 Lewis. 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