During the Great Depression, other Hoovervilles were built in. It was a highly diverse population. As the Depression deepened, the sheer number of homeless people became overwhelming. Additionally, although the 1920s, also known as the Roaring Twenties, had been a decade of prosperity, income levels varied widely and numerous Americans lived beyond their means. In 1938, Jackson wrote a short, vivid description of the community that we reproduce here. As the Great Depression deepened people protested and launched hunger marches. The highly unpopular Hoover was defeated in the 1932 presidential election by Franklin D. Roosevelt, whose New Deal recovery programs eventually helped lift the United States out of the Depression. Roosevelts recovery program, known as the New Deal, eventually reduced unemployment, regulated banking and helped turn the ailing economy around with public works projects and other economic programs. Central Park Hooverville with Central Park West in the Background in 1932. It helped me pass my exam and the test questions are very similar to the practice quizzes on Study.com. Pre-K - K; 1 - 2; 3 - 5; . In June, many of the so-called Bonus Army marched to the Capitol to request early payment of the government bonuses they had been promised for their military servicemoney that would have alleviated the financial problems of many families. The anger directed at Herbert Hoover didn't stop with the label given to the makeshift settlements. When a new mayor took office in 1932, owing his election in part to support of the Unemployed Citizen's League, Seattle's Hooverville gained a measure of official tolerance that allowed it to survive and grow. Multiple factors led to the Great Depression, including the U.S. stock market crash in October 1929 and the widespread failure of the American banking system, both of which helped destroy confidence in the nations economy. The answer to this question is practically anywhere. OKIESOkies is a term applied generally to people from the American Southwest who migrated to the Pacific Coast, particularly to California, during the Great Depression. Trade policies made the Great Depression worse. As their investments lost value, people soon depleted their savings. Unit densities soared in the early 1930s. months[9] = "Get fast, free facts and information on a whole host of subjects in the Siteseen network of interesting websites. months[7] = "The Siteseen network is dedicated to producing unique, informative websites on a whole host of educational subjects. However, understanding that the campers had nowhere else to go, and fearing that they might still fall victim to the Great Depression themselves, most more affluent people were willing to tolerate the Hoovervilles and their impoverished residents. Public dissatisfaction with Hoover soon all but eliminated his chances of being reelected, and on November 8, 1932, New York Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected president in a landslide. Photo by Smith Collection/Gado/Getty Images. A "Hoover wagon" was an automobile with horses hitched to it, often with the engine removed. Twelve million Americans, about 25% of the normal labor force, were out of work and many suffered poverty, deprivation and homelessness. - Definition & History, Effects & Events of the US Civil War from Various Perspectives, William Monroe Trotter: Quotes & Biography, Andrew Carnegie: Steel, Net Worth & Philanthropy, Neil Armstrong: Biography, Facts & Moon Landing, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. There is a sorrow here that weeping cannot symbolize.. Early Hooverville was burned down twice by Seattle police, but its residents continued to rebuild small houses. Black and white Americans and immigrants from all over the world shared the camp sites. By 1932, between one and two million American people were homeless. Cardboard covering a worn-out shoe sole was 'Hoover leather,' and cars pulled by horses (since no one could afford gasoline) were 'Hoover wagons.'. Hoovervilles were the nickname given to a Shanty Town during the Great Depression and consisted of camps of makeshift shacks or tents set up on unused or public lands. How many people lived in the Hoovervilles in the 1930s? This was handled by an elected Vigilance Committee-- consisting of two whites, two blacks, and two Filipinos-- led by a white Texas native and former lumberjack named Jesse Jackson, who came to be known as the unofficial "Mayor" of Hooverville. Donald Roy created this map of Seattle's Hooverville. Robert Longley is a U.S. government and history expert with over 30 years of experience in municipal government and urban planning. Desperate for shelter, homeless citizens built shantytowns in and around cities across the nation. The rectangular reservoir north of Belvedere Castle was taken out of service when the stock market crashed in 1929. This download is exclusively for KidsKonnect Premium members!To download this worksheet, click the button below to signup (it only takes a minute) and you'll be brought right back to this page to start the download! President Herbert Hoover & the Great Depression, America During the Great Depression: The Dust Bowl, Unemployment & Cultural Issues, End of WWI, the Treaty of Versailles & the League of Nations, Ku Klux Klan Nativism & Eugenics | Movement & History. These are ready-to-use Hooverville worksheets that are perfect for teaching students about Hooverville, which was a small town founded by homeless people in the United States during the Great Depression. Historica Graphica Collection/Heritage Images/Getty Images. [2] Among the white population, nationalities included English, Irish, Polish, Spanish, Italian, and Russian. In the summer of 1931 a group of Seattle residents organized to establish self-help enterprises and demand that government officials create jobs and increase relief assistance to unemployed. It was a period of the global economic crisis that began with a significant drop in stock prices in the United States. Democrats coined many terms based on opinions of Herbert Hoover[5] such as "Hoover blanket" (old newspaper used as blanketing). Trench Warfare in WWI: History & Facts | What is Trench Warfare? Nonwhites comprised 29% of the colony's population, including 120 Filipinos, 29 African Americas, 25 Mexicans, 4 Native Americans, 4 South Americans, and 2 Japanese. The term 'Hooverville' probably originated with Charles Michelson, who was a newspaper reporter and, in 1930, the publicity director for the Democratic National Party. The main Hooverville began on land near Elliott Bay through a cluster of small huts. At that time, President Herbert Hoover increasingly became, in the eyes of many Americans, a grim and inept leader. Over the next several read more, Disenchantment with Prohibition had been building almost from the moment it first took effect in 1920. Back to History for Kids. A structured government ran Hooverville in Seattle, Washington, and extensive documentation was collected. By the time the U.S. entered World War II in 1941, enough Americans were working again that virtually all the encampments had vanished. One-fourth of all workers were unemployed. In 1929, unemployment was around 3%. But residents rebuilt and the site remained occupied all the way through World War II. Join 51,000+ happy teachers and students who use our teaching worksheets and resources every day. The Seattle City Council decided to close Hooverville in May 1941, despite the increased reliance on it for shelter. read more, The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) was a work relief program that gave millions of young men employment on environmental projects during the Great Depression. We pride ourselves on being a safe website for both teachers and students. The Great Depression drew to an end with the outbreak of WW2 and municipal programs aimed at "eradicating" shantytowns destroyed all the Hoovervilles. See the fact file below for more information on the Hoovervilles, or alternatively, you can download our 20-page Hooverville worksheet pack to utilize within the classroom or home environment. In turn, a new lexicon came into being -- words like "Hoovervilles," "Hoover blankets" and "Hoover hogs." The homeless clustered in shanty towns close to free soup kitchens. Its unofficial mayor was Jesse Jackson, who led the city in tolerating the homeless and imposed lax building and sanitation regulations. What were the Hoovervilles (Shanty Town) of the Great Depression? "; Hoovervilles lacked the services found in typical towns. Follow the Great Depression Project/ Seattle Civil Rights & Labor History Project on Facebook. Seattle's Hooverville had lasted a full decade.[4]. Many Hoovervilles were built along rivers, proving drinking water and allowing some residents to grow vegetables. Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. You can use these worksheets as-is, or edit them using Google Slides to make them more specific to your own student ability levels and curriculum standards. Tacoma had a large encampment that spanned six blocks. President Herbert Hoover, however, refused to propose any assistance programs, saying instead that Americans should help each other. In his journal, he states that of the 639 residents of the town, only 7 of them were women. He offers fascinating observations about social mores and culture of the community, including the easy racial relations and tolerance of homosexuality. Farming in 1935 . When disaster struck, Americans looked to their President for leadership and compassion, but Hoover seemed to be short on both counts. The New Deal enacted special relief programs aimed at the homeless under the Federal Transient Service (FTS), which operated from 1933 to 1939. Desperate for shelter, homeless citizens. These camps came to be called Hoovervilles, after the president. He wrote that the racial barriers constructed in normal society did not stand within the Hooverville. People were expected to fend for themselves. It was headed by the Commissioner of Health, the Superintendent of Buildings, the Chief of Police, and the Chief of the Fire Department, tasked to draft a plan on how to proceed with the elimination of Hooverville. Most of them did not find work. Others responded to complaints by people in the neighborhood and evicted the inhabitants and burned the shacks. Eight different Hoovervilles were established in Seattle, Washington, with the largest one lasting from 1932 to 1941 and built on the tidal flats adjacent to the Port of Seattle. Excerpt from Health Department Annual Report (1935) The quality and livability of structures built in Hooverville camps varied widely. Hoovervilles In the 1930s, Hoovervilles (shantytowns) formed coast to coast in cities of the United States. As high winds and choking dust swept the region from Texas to Nebraska, people and livestock were killed and read more, The New Deal was a series of programs and projects instituted during the Great Depression by President Franklin D. Roosevelt that aimed to restore prosperity to Americans. The Red Scare of the 1920s History & Overview | What was the First Red Scare? Hooverville housed about 10,000 veterans and their families in ramshackle shelters built from old lumber, packing boxes, and scrapped tin from a nearby junk pile. [9], Regardless of the gender of the residents, Hoovervilles served as a common ground for many different nationalities and ethnicities. Thousands of World War I veterans, calling themselves the Bonus Army, had arrived in the nation's capital to demand early payment of a bonus they had been promised at the end of the war. Many people would can their food so that it would last longer. These settlements were often trespassing on private lands, but they were frequently tolerated or ignored out of necessity. This is a fantastic bundle which includes everything you need to know about Hooverville across 20 in-depth pages. Tensions between destitute citizens and the Hoover administration climaxed in the spring of 1932 when thousands of World War I veterans and their families and friends set up a Hooverville on the banks of the Anacostia River in Washington, D.C. In 1934, Roy recorded a population of non-White people, including Black men, Costa Rican, Chilean, Filipino, Japanese, Mexican, and. months[1] = "Find information about the instructive websites produced by international publisher Siteseen Ltd. "; Absolutely anything that would provide shelter. The New Deal Legacy & Impacts | What is the Legacy of the New Deal? He had first achieved fame during World War I when he ran the U.S. Food Administration, and his managerial skills, relentless work ethic, and ability to feed both the troops and the homefront simultaneously won him enormous praise. The majority of the homeless chose to live in small towns where they could easily access free soup kitchens. Click the Edit button above to get started. The nation turned to Herbert Hoover expecting help, but he had none to give. In 1932, Hooverville was established in Anacostia, District of Columbia, to house a group of. Inside Hoovervilles were houses called shanties . Excerpt from "Hooverville: A Study of a Community of Homeless Men in Seattle" by Donald Francis Roy (1935) Check out the Siteseen network of educational websites. (2021, December 6). Commanded by Maj. George S. Patton, the U.S. Army burned the Hooverville and drove the veterans out with tanks, tear gas, and fixed bayonets. Excerpt from "The Story of Hooverville, In Seattle" by Jesse Jackson, Mayor of Hooverville (1935) By 1932, Herbert Hoovers last full year in office, the U.S. unemployment rate had soared to 25%, with more than 15 million people without jobs or homes. For example, one of the eight Hoovervilles in Seattle, Washington, stood from 1931 to 1941. How many Hoovervilles or Shantytowns were there? Those who did were chronically underpaid. They were named after Herbert Hoover, who was President of the United States during the onset of the Depression and was widely blamed for it. Unemployed masons used cast-off stone and bricks and in some cases built structures that stood 20 feet high. "Nobody Paid any Attention": The Economic Marginalization of Seattle's Hooverville, Seattles Hooverville: The Failure of Effective Unemployment Relief in the Early 1930s, Hooverville: A Study of a Community of Homeless Men in Seattle, Seattle Municipal Archives Hooverville Documents, Unemployed Citizens League and Poverty Activism, Self-Help Activists: The Seattle Branches of the Unemployed Citizens League, Organizing the Unemployed: The Early 1930s, Civil Rights and Labor History Consortium | University of Washington. Response from Health Department (May 23, 1935) By 1932 millions of Americans were living outside the normal rent-paying housing market. People experiencing homelessness made them from scraps of wood, tin, tar, and cardboard, and named . In late 1935, the city Health Department estimated that 4,000 to 5,000 people were living in the various shacktowns. Seattle lies on a narrow strip of land between the salt waters of Puget Sound and the fresh waters of Lake Washington. The easiest way to travel across the country was by train and Shantytowns, nicknamed 'Hobo Jungles' sprang up by most city railroad stations. Other Hoovervilles also developed: one on the side of Beacon Hill where today I-5 passes; one in the Interbay area next to where the city used to dump its garbage; and two others along 6th Avenue in South Seattle. The peak of the Great Depression was from 1932 to 1933. A shantytown, also known as a Hooverville (named for U.S. President Herbert Hoover), was located in Seattle, Washington, during the Great Depression. Considered by many to be one of the most successful of Roosevelts New Deal programs, the CCC planted more than three read more, In the early 20th century, the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation devised plans for a massive dam on the Arizona-Nevada border to tame the Colorado River and provide water and hydroelectric power for the developing Southwest. "Hoovervilles: Homeless Camps of the Great Depression." Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you For webquest or practice, print a copy of this quiz at the Great Depression - Hoovervilles webquest print page. ThoughtCo. During the Great Depression, in the 1930s, as millions of people lost their jobs and homes, shanty towns, also known as "Hoovervilles" began to sprout up across the US. This was supervised by Mayor Jackson, who also led the Vigilance Committee. @media (min-width: 340px) { .adslot_1 { width: 336px; height: 280px; } } At its peak, roughly 25%, maybe more, of the American work force was unemployed. Most were unemployed laborers and timber workers, few of whom had held any jobs in the previous two years. Mark has a Ph.D in Social Science Education. Renters fell behind and faced eviction. Throughout the country, Hoovervilles, or makeshift shanties, would spring up to provide shelter wherever possible, often near water sources or the soup kitchens operated by churches and charities. There was no work, people were starving and the local police repeatedly burned down the camp. It comes from the New York Public Library. Democratic National Committee publicity director and longtime newspaper reporter Charles Michelson is credited with coining the term, which first appeared in print in 1930. Life for the Average Family During the Great Depression. Some claim to have been made up of men, women, and children, while others claim to only have had men. They cut down dramatically on their purchases, but less buying meant fewer goods needed, so companies didn't need so many employees. Request for removal of Interbay shacks (April 24, 1937) Some Hoovervilles had basic public services and conveniences. This pattern became associated with Oklahoma because that state provided a plurality of migrants from 1935 to 1940, the peak of the phenomenon. Billions of dollars were lost, wiping out thousands of investors. Encampments and shantytowns often referred to as tent citieswith similarities to Hoovervillesbegan appearing in parts of California, Arizona, Tennessee, Florida, Washington and other states. Letter from Housing Authority to City Council (March 4, 1941) We are grateful to the Seattle Municipal Archives, King County Archives, and the University of Washington Library Special Collections for permission to incorporate materials in their collections. Shantytowns and Hoovervilles: Herbert Hoover was the 31st American President who served in office from March 4, 1929 to March 4, 1933. Did New Deal Programs Help End the Great Depression? Hooverville was the popular name attributed to shanty towns that sprung up throughout the United States during the Great Depression. Covering nine acres of public land, it housed a population of up to 1,200, claimed its own community government including an unofficial mayor, and enjoyed the protection of leftwing groups and sympathetic public officials A 'Hoover blanket' was a newspaper, covering a homeless man on a city bench; a 'Hoover flag' was a turned-out pants pocket, a sure sign of pennilessness. Many features of life during the Great Depression were given bitter connotations with Hoover's name. Some Hoovervilles were dotted with vegetable gardens, and some individual shacks contained furniture a family had managed to carry away upon eviction from their former home. Most large cities built municipal lodging houses for the homeless, but the Depression exponentially increased demand. One of the important events during his presidency was the emergence of the Shanty Town during the Great Depression. "Hooverville" became a common term for shacktowns and homeless encampments during the Great Depression. A look at how people lived, especially in the makeshift dwellings they constructed, gives a better sense of this, as does an understanding of the bitter humor behind the naming of these dwellings, known as 'Hoovervilles'. Hoovervilles were hundreds of makeshift homeless encampments built near large cities across the United States during the Great Depression (1929-1933). When most of the veterans refused to leave their shacks, Hoover sent in U.S. Army Chief of Staff Douglas MacArthur to evict the Bonus Army. 01 of 10 First Quaker President Hoover was the son of a blacksmith, Jesse Clark Hoover, and a Quaker minister, Huldah Minthorn Hoover. It maintained itself as a free-standing community until 1936, when it was razed. St. Louis, Missouri, and Seattle, Washington, were home to two of the countrys largest and longest-standing Hoovervilles. In the aftermath of that event, sometimes read more. Among the hundreds of Hoovervilles across the U.S. during the 1930s were those in: Hoovervilles have often featured in popular culture, and still appear in editorial cartoons. University of Washington: The Great Depression in Washington State. No one knows, but there were literally millions of homeless people during the Great Depression so it seems reasonable to estimate the number as several thousands. Dwellings in the Hoovervilles were little more than shacks built of discarded bricks, wood, tin, and cardboard. For example, in New York City, encampments sprang up along the Hudson and East rivers. With such a well-developed social order, the camp maintained itself as a functional separate community from 1930 to 1936, when President Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal sweeping economic recovery plan allocated federal funds for its removal. .adslot_1 { width: 300px; height: 250px; } [3], The city tolerated Hoovervilles until the eve of World War II. During the Great Depression, which began in 1929 and lasted about a decade, shantytowns appeared across America as unemployed people were evicted from their homes. Click to see google map of shack towns in Seattle area and more photos and descriptions.In Seattle shacks appeared in many locations in 1930 and 1931, but authorities usually destroyed them after neighbors complained. The camps, dubbed Hoovervilles after Republican President Hoover, often sprang up near charity operated soup kitchens and rivers for drinking water and limited sanitary needs. Built with all over the world Copyright 19992023This site uses cookies to improve your experience. On October 29, 1929, the date known as Black Tuesday, the stock market crashed, signaling the beginning of the Great Depression. Seattle's developed into a self-sufficient and organized town-within-a-town. In May 1942, shortly after Seattle destroyed its Hooverville, the Tacoma Fire Department burned fifty of the "Hollywood" shacks. This was at a time when most workers didn't have access to unemployment benefits, health care, or Social Security--in fact, none of the programs that could provide that kind of help even existed. The term was coined by Charles Michelson. The smaller camps tended to come and go, while the larger Hoovervilles proved far more permanent. The Seattle Hooverville covered nine acres of land on the tidal flats adjacent to the Port of Seattle. The Hooverville in Seattle was one of the few with detailed documentation. Hoovervilles and Homelessness. months[0] = "Discover the vast range of useful, leisure and educational websites published by the Siteseen network. "; Unsanitary conditions in the camps left both their residents and the nearby communities at risk of disease. By the end of the decade it covered a six block area and, like Seattle's Hooverville, included a large number of little houses that residents had built out of scrap materials and steadily improved over the years. All Rights Reserved. No two The publics frustration with President Hoovers refusal to deal with the Depression peaked in the spring of 1932 when an estimated 15,000 World War I veterans and their families established a Hooverville along the Anacostia River in Washington, D.C. On June 17, 1932, many of the veterans, known as the Bonus Army, marched on the U.S. Capitol demanding payment the badly needed WWI combat bonuses the government had promised them. Thousands of Hoovervilles began to appear all over the country. As Secretary of Commerce, Hoover presided over the economic boom times of the 'Roaring Twenties,' and when he entered the White House in early 1929, it seemed clear that the nation was in good hands. Most were white with the majority of them foreign-born, especially Scandinavians. It is a city built on hills and around water, in a mild marine climate that encourages prolific . This page was last edited on 16 February 2023, at 00:48. Americas longest lasting Hooverville in Seattle, Washington, stood for ten years, from 1931 to 1941. 2023 A&E Television Networks, LLC. Exhibit C: Physical Conditions and Occupancy of Shacks (March 5, 1941) months[6] = "Uncover a wealth of facts and information on a variety of subjects produced by the Siteseen network. Tacoma hosted a large encampment near the city garbage dump that residents called "Hollywood-on-the-Tideflats." The Tacoma Fire Department burned down fifty small houses in May 1942 after Seattle destroyed Hooverville. He explained that the population was fluid, as men sold their shacks to newcomers and moved on, and at its maximum during the winter months when it reached as hight as 1,200. The name was a reference to Herbert Hoover who was the President of the United States during the at the start of the Depression and widely blamed for it. However, that didn't last long. Hoover also received criticism for signing, in June 1930, the controversial Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act, which imposed a high tariff on foreign goods in an effort to prevent them from competing with U.S.-made products on the domestic market. Divided into distinct sectors, the racially integrated and cohesive encampment was home to as many as 8,000 destitute people. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. 2 See answers Advertisement jayilych4real What were Hoovervilles during the Great Depression? In Washington, the Unemployed Citizen's League and its newspaper, The Vanguard, gained the state Communists a broad appeal, and integrated the unemployed into the state's radical reform coalitions. "use strict";(function(){var insertion=document.getElementById("citation-access-date");var date=new Date().toLocaleDateString(undefined,{month:"long",day:"numeric",year:"numeric"});insertion.parentElement.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(date),insertion)})(); FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. Trade your paper with a Partner. After hosting several homeless settlements, the reservoir was dubbed the Hoover Valley and Depression Street. Here that weeping can not symbolize were lost, wiping out thousands of investors jobs in the Background in.! For me 639 residents of the United States claim to only have had men War II homeless and imposed building! Lands, but they were frequently tolerated or ignored out of necessity students who use teaching... Coast in cities of the 1920s History & Facts | What was the popular name attributed Shanty. 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